Les effets du tabac sur la santé
Les vérités fondamentales quant aux effets du tabac sur la santé sont simples.
Chaque année, le tabac entraîne la mort de plus de personnes que le VIH/sida, les troubles hépatiques alcooliques, les accidents d’auto, les meurtres, les suicides, les noyades et les incendies combinés.
Le tabac cause du tort à la santé des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. La fumée de cigarette demeure la principale cause de décès évitables et a des répercussions négatives sur la santé des personnes de tous les âges : les bébés à naître, les nourrissons, les enfants, les adolescents, les adultes et les personnes âgées.
Le tabac cause des maladies et affecte à peu près tous les organes du corps humain. De solides preuves médicales révèlent que le tabagisme est associé à plus de deux douzaines de maladies et d'affections, notamment le cancer, les maladies du coeur et les maladies respiratoires.
Le tabac cause le cancer : 85 % à 90 % des cancers du poumon sont liés au tabagisme. Plus la quantité de cigarettes fumées est grande, plus les risques de développer un cancer du poumon sont élevés.
La fumée secondaire est responsable d’environ 10 % des cancers du poumon.
L’Institut national du cancer du Canada estime que l’usage de produits du tabac est la plus importante cause de décès évitables et prématurés liés au cancer.
Le tabagisme est aussi associé au cancer de la vessie, du col de l’utérus, du rein, du pancréas, de l’estomac, de l’œsophage, du larynx, de la bouche et de la gorge.
Le tabac cause des maladies du coeur et des accidents vasculaires cérébraux : le tabagisme est une des principales causes de maladies cardiovasculaires évitables. Les maladies du coeur sont une des principales causes de décès au Canada.
La fumée de cigarette entraîne une accumulation de plaque dans les artères et augmente la demande en oxygène, mais en réduit l’apport.
La fumée de cigarette double aussi les risques d’accident vasculaire cérébral, étant donné qu’elle augmente la pression artérielle et oblige le coeur à travailler plus fort.
Le tabac a une incidence sur la santé respiratoire : le tabagisme décuple les risques de mourir d’une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique.
Environ 90 % de tous les décès causés par une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique sont attribuables au tabagisme.
D’autres faits indéniables concernant les conséquences du tabac sur la santé :
Source: Statistics Canada. Table 102-0551 - Deaths, by selected grouped causes, age group and sex, Canada, provinces and territories, annual, CANSIM (database). 2004.
http://cansim2.statcan.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.exe?Lang=E&CANSIMFile=CII\CII_1_E.htm&RootDir=CII/
(accessed: March 27, 2008)
The total number of deaths from these causes is: 8,984, broken down as follows: HIV/Aids (420), alcoholic liver disease (1,116), car accidents (2,834), murders (515), suicides (3,613), drowning (251) and fires (235)
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/9.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/9.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 15, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter2.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 15, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter2.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006. Accessed February 18, 2008 from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/chapter7.pdf
Canadian Cancer Society/National Cancer Institute of Canada. (2007). Canadian Cancer Statistics 2007. Accessed February 26, 2008 from http://www.cancer.ca/vgn/images/portal/cit_86751114/36/15/1816216925cw_2007stats_en.pdf
Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, Pandey MR. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. The Lancet. 2006;368:647-658. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16920470&ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter3.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter3.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/4.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/4.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/9.htm
Jones-Burton C, Seliger SL, Scherer RW, Mishra SI, Vessal G, Brown J, et al.
Cigarette smoking and incident chronic kidney disease: A systematic review. American Journal of Nephrology 2007;27(4):342-351. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17541263&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Chiolero A, Jacot-Sadowski I, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J. Association of cigarettes smoked daily with obesity in a general adult population. Obesity, 2007 May;15(5):1311-1318. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17495208&ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
National Cancer Institute. Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute; 1992. Accessed February 26, 2008 from http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/2/index.html.
National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program; 2002. Accessed February 26, 2008 from: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/.
- Le tabac tue.
- Le tabac cause du tort à la santé des fumeurs de cigarettes et des non fumeurs qui respirent la fumée secondaire.
- Le tabac cause des maladies et affecte à peu près tous les organes du corps humain.
Chaque année, le tabac entraîne la mort de plus de personnes que le VIH/sida, les troubles hépatiques alcooliques, les accidents d’auto, les meurtres, les suicides, les noyades et les incendies combinés.
Le tabac cause du tort à la santé des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. La fumée de cigarette demeure la principale cause de décès évitables et a des répercussions négatives sur la santé des personnes de tous les âges : les bébés à naître, les nourrissons, les enfants, les adolescents, les adultes et les personnes âgées.
Le tabac cause des maladies et affecte à peu près tous les organes du corps humain. De solides preuves médicales révèlent que le tabagisme est associé à plus de deux douzaines de maladies et d'affections, notamment le cancer, les maladies du coeur et les maladies respiratoires.
Le tabac cause le cancer : 85 % à 90 % des cancers du poumon sont liés au tabagisme. Plus la quantité de cigarettes fumées est grande, plus les risques de développer un cancer du poumon sont élevés.
La fumée secondaire est responsable d’environ 10 % des cancers du poumon.
L’Institut national du cancer du Canada estime que l’usage de produits du tabac est la plus importante cause de décès évitables et prématurés liés au cancer.
Le tabagisme est aussi associé au cancer de la vessie, du col de l’utérus, du rein, du pancréas, de l’estomac, de l’œsophage, du larynx, de la bouche et de la gorge.
Le tabac cause des maladies du coeur et des accidents vasculaires cérébraux : le tabagisme est une des principales causes de maladies cardiovasculaires évitables. Les maladies du coeur sont une des principales causes de décès au Canada.
La fumée de cigarette entraîne une accumulation de plaque dans les artères et augmente la demande en oxygène, mais en réduit l’apport.
La fumée de cigarette double aussi les risques d’accident vasculaire cérébral, étant donné qu’elle augmente la pression artérielle et oblige le coeur à travailler plus fort.
Le tabac a une incidence sur la santé respiratoire : le tabagisme décuple les risques de mourir d’une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique.
Environ 90 % de tous les décès causés par une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique sont attribuables au tabagisme.
D’autres faits indéniables concernant les conséquences du tabac sur la santé :
- Lorsqu’une personne inhale de la fumée de cigarette pour la première fois, elle se sent généralement étourdie et malade. Les fumeurs toussent aussi beaucoup en plus d’avoir la gorge sèche et irritée, de souffrir de nausées, de faiblesses, de crampes abdominales, de maux de tête ou de haut-le-coeur. Ces symptômes peuvent diminuer à mesure que le fumeur s’habitue à la nicotine.
- Le fait de fumer des cigarettes dont les taux de goudron et de nicotine enregistrés à la machine sont plus faibles n’offre aucun avantage évident pour la santé.
- Le tabagisme augmente les risques de maladie chronique du rein.
- Le tabagisme est associé à l’augmentation des risques d’obésité, en particulier chez les hommes.
- Le tabac sans fumée comprend divers agents cancérogènes (carcinogènes) qui augmentent les risques de développer un cancer de la bouche (bouche, lèvres, gencives).
Références
Baliunas D, Patra J, Rehm J, Popova S, Kaiserman M, Taylor B. Smoking-attributable mortality and expected years of life lost in Canada 2002: Conclusions for prevention and policy. Chronic Diseases in Canada, 2007;27(4):154-162. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic-mcc/27-4/pdf/cdic274-3_e.pdfSource: Statistics Canada. Table 102-0551 - Deaths, by selected grouped causes, age group and sex, Canada, provinces and territories, annual, CANSIM (database). 2004.
http://cansim2.statcan.ca/cgi-win/cnsmcgi.exe?Lang=E&CANSIMFile=CII\CII_1_E.htm&RootDir=CII/
(accessed: March 27, 2008)
The total number of deaths from these causes is: 8,984, broken down as follows: HIV/Aids (420), alcoholic liver disease (1,116), car accidents (2,834), murders (515), suicides (3,613), drowning (251) and fires (235)
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/9.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/9.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 15, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter2.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 15, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter2.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006. Accessed February 18, 2008 from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/chapter7.pdf
Canadian Cancer Society/National Cancer Institute of Canada. (2007). Canadian Cancer Statistics 2007. Accessed February 26, 2008 from http://www.cancer.ca/vgn/images/portal/cit_86751114/36/15/1816216925cw_2007stats_en.pdf
Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, Pandey MR. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study. The Lancet. 2006;368:647-658. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16920470&ordinalpos=5&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter3.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/00_pdfs/chapter3.pdf
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/4.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/4.htm
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2004/highlights/9.htm
Jones-Burton C, Seliger SL, Scherer RW, Mishra SI, Vessal G, Brown J, et al.
Cigarette smoking and incident chronic kidney disease: A systematic review. American Journal of Nephrology 2007;27(4):342-351. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17541263&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
Chiolero A, Jacot-Sadowski I, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J. Association of cigarettes smoked daily with obesity in a general adult population. Obesity, 2007 May;15(5):1311-1318. Accessed February 27, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17495208&ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
National Cancer Institute. Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute; 1992. Accessed February 26, 2008 from http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/2/index.html.
National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program; 2002. Accessed February 26, 2008 from: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/.